除了在目录结构下查找文件的基本操作外，您还可以使用 find 命令执行一些实际操作，这将使您的linux命令之旅变得轻松。
在本文中，让我们回顾 15 个 Linux find 命令的实际示例，它们对新手和专家都非常有用。
首先，在您的主目录下创建以下示例空文件，以尝试下面提到的一些 find 命令示例。
# vim create_sample_files.sh touch MybashProgram.sh touch mycprogram.c touch MyCProgram.c touch Program.c mkdir backup cd backup touch MybashProgram.sh touch mycprogram.c touch MyCProgram.c touch Program.c # chmod +x create_sample_files.sh # ./create_sample_files.sh # ls -R .: backup MybashProgram.sh MyCProgram.c create_sample_files.sh mycprogram.c Program.c ./backup: MybashProgram.sh mycprogram.c MyCProgram.c Program.c
1. 利用文件名发现文件
This is a basic usage of the find command. This example finds all files with name — MyCProgram.c in the current directory and all its sub-directories.
# find -name "MyCProgram.c" ./backup/MyCProgram.c ./MyCProgram.c
2. 使用名称查找文件并忽略大小写
This is a basic usage of the find command. This example finds all files with name — MyCProgram.c (ignoring the case) in the current directory and all its sub-directories.
# find -iname "MyCProgram.c" ./mycprogram.c ./backup/mycprogram.c ./backup/MyCProgram.c ./MyCProgram.c
3. 使用 mindepth 和 maxdepth 将搜索限制到特定目录级别
在从根目录开始的所有子目录下找到 passwd 文件。
# find / -name passwd ./usr/share/doc/nss_ldap-253/pam.d/passwd ./usr/bin/passwd ./etc/pam.d/passwd ./etc/passwd
找到root下一级下的passwd文件. (i.e root — level 1, and one sub-directory — level 2)
# find -maxdepth 2 -name passwd ./etc/passwd
Find the passwd file under root and two levels down. (i.e root — level 1, and two sub-directories — level 2 and 3 )
# find / -maxdepth 3 -name passwd ./usr/bin/passwd ./etc/pam.d/passwd ./etc/passwd
找到子目录级别 2 和 4 之间的密码文件。
# find -mindepth 3 -maxdepth 5 -name passwd ./usr/bin/passwd ./etc/pam.d/passwd
4. 对 Find 命令找到的文件执行命令。
在下面的示例中，find 命令计算所有名称为 MyCProgram.c 的文件的 md5sum（忽略大小写）。 {} 替换为当前文件名。
# find -iname "MyCProgram.c" -exec md5sum {} \;
d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e ./mycprogram.c
d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e ./backup/mycprogram.c
d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e ./backup/MyCProgram.c
d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e ./MyCProgram.c
5. 倒转匹配.
Shows the files or directories whose name are not MyCProgram.c .Since the maxdepth is 1, this will look only under current directory.
# find -maxdepth 1 -not -iname "MyCProgram.c" . ./MybashProgram.sh ./create_sample_files.sh ./backup ./Program.c
6. 通过 inode 号查找文件.
Every file has an unique inode number, using that we can identify that file. Create two files with similar name. i.e one file with a space at the end.
# touch "test-file-name" # touch "test-file-name " [Note: There is a space at the end] # ls -1 test* test-file-name test-file-name
From the ls output, you cannot identify which file has the space at the end. Using option -i, you can view the inode number of the file, which will be different for these two files.
# ls -i1 test* 16187429 test-file-name 16187430 test-file-name
You can specify inode number on a find command as shown below. In this example, find command renames a file using the inode number.
# find -inum 16187430 -exec mv {} new-test-file-name \;
# ls -i1 *test*
16187430 new-test-file-name
16187429 test-file-name
You can use this technique when you want to do some operation with the files which are named poorly as shown in the example below. For example, the file with name — file?.txt has a special character in it. If you try to execute “rm file?.txt”, all the following three files will get removed. So, follow the steps below to delete only the “file?.txt” file.
# ls file1.txt file2.txt file?.txt
Find the inode numbers of each file.
# ls -i1 804178 file1.txt 804179 file2.txt 804180 file?.txt
Use the inode number to remove the file that had special character in it as shown below.
# find -inum 804180 -exec rm {} \;
# ls
file1.txt file2.txt
[Note: The file with name "file?.txt" is now removed]
7.根据文件权限查找文件
Following operations are possible.
- Find files that match exact permission
- Check whether the given permission matches, irrespective of other permission bits
- Search by giving octal / symbolic representation
For this example, let us assume that the directory contains the following files. Please note that the file-permissions on these files are different.
# ls -l total 0 -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:31 all_for_all -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:30 everybody_read ---------- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:31 no_for_all -rw------- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:29 ordinary_file -rw-r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 others_can_also_read ----r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 others_can_only_read
Find files which has read permission to group. Use the following command to find all files that are readable by the world in your home directory, irrespective of other permissions for that file.
# find . -perm -g=r -type f -exec ls -l {} \;
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:30 ./everybody_read
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:31 ./all_for_all
----r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 ./others_can_only_read
-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 ./others_can_also_read
Find files which has read permission only to group.
# find . -perm g=r -type f -exec ls -l {} \;
----r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 ./others_can_only_read
Find files which has read permission only to group [ search by octal ]
# find . -perm 040 -type f -exec ls -l {} \;
----r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 ./others_can_only_read
8. 在您的主目录及其子目录中查找所有空文件（零字节文件）
Most files of the following command output will be lock-files and place holders created by other applications.
# find ~ -empty
List all the empty files only in your home directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty
List only the non-hidden empty files only in the current directory.
# find . -maxdepth 1 -empty -not -name ".*"
9. 查找前 5 个大文件
The following command will display the top 5 largest file in the current directory and its subdirectory. This may take a while to execute depending on the total number of files the command has to process.
# find . -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n -r | head -5
10.查找前 5 个小文件
Technique is same as finding the bigger files, but the only difference the sort is ascending order.
# find . -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n | head -5
In the above command, most probably you will get to see only the ZERO byte files ( empty files ). So, you can use the following command to list the smaller files other than the ZERO byte files.
# find . -not -empty -type f -exec ls -s {} \; | sort -n | head -5
11. 使用选项 -type 根据文件类型查找文件
Find only the socket files.
# find . -type s
Find all directories
# find . -type d
Find only the normal files
# find . -type f
Find all the hidden files
# find . -type f -name ".*"
Find all the hidden directories
# find -type d -name ".*"
12. 通过比较和其他文件的修改时间来查找文件.
Show files which are modified after the specified file. The following find command displays all the files that are created/modified after ordinary_file.
# ls -lrt total 0 -rw-r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 others_can_also_read ----r----- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:27 others_can_only_read -rw------- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:29 ordinary_file -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:30 everybody_read -rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:31 all_for_all ---------- 1 root root 0 2009-02-19 20:31 no_for_all # find -newer ordinary_file . ./everybody_read ./all_for_all ./no_for_all
13. 按文件大小查找文件
Using the -size option you can find files by size.
Find files bigger than the given size
# find ~ -size +100M
Find files smaller than the given size
# find ~ -size -100M
Find files that matches the exact given size
# find ~ -size 100M
Note: – means less than the give size, + means more than the given size, and no symbol means exact given size.
14. 为频繁查找操作创建别名
If you find some thing as pretty useful, then you can make it as an alias. And execute it whenever you want.
Remove the files named a.out frequently.
# alias rmao="find . -iname a.out -exec rm {} \;"
# rmao
Remove the core files generated by c program.
# alias rmc="find . -iname core -exec rm {} \;"
# rmc
15. 使用 find 命令删除大存档（压缩）文件
The following command removes *.zip files that are over 100M.
# find / -type f -name *.zip -size +100M -exec rm -i {} \;"
Remove all *.tar file that are over 100M using the alias rm100m (Remove 100M). Use the similar concepts and create alias like rm1g, rm2g, rm5g to remove file size greater than 1G, 2G and 5G respectively.
# alias rm100m="find / -type f -name *.tar -size +100M -exec rm -i {} \;"
# alias rm1g="find / -type f -name *.tar -size +1G -exec rm -i {} \;"
# alias rm2g="find / -type f -name *.tar -size +2G -exec rm -i {} \;"
# alias rm5g="find / -type f -name *.tar -size +5G -exec rm -i {} \;"
# rm100m
# rm1g
# rm2g
# rm5g
